World Hepatitis Day — July 28, 2015

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)

Weekly

July 24, 2015 / 64(28);753

July 28, 2015, marks the fifth annual World Hepatitis Day, established in 2010 by the World Health Organization to increase awareness and understanding of viral hepatitis. Millions of acute hepatitis infections occur each year, and approximately 400 million persons are living with chronic hepatitis B or hepatitis C (1). An estimated 1.4 million persons die each year from the various forms of viral hepatitis (1). The theme of this year's World Hepatitis Day is "Prevent Hepatitis. Act Now." Key messages will focus on risks, safe injection practices, vaccination, and testing and treatment.

This issue of MMWR includes a report describing the launch of a nationwide hepatitis C elimination program in Georgia, a country with a high burden of hepatitis C. The initial phase of the program is focused on increasing access to affordable diagnostics, free treatment of persons with severe liver disease who are at highest risk for hepatitis C–related morbidity and mortality with new curative regimens, and building capacity to achieve program goals of prevention of transmission and elimination of disease. Georgia's program might provide information and experience that can inform similar efforts in other parts of the world.

A second report summarizes viral hepatitis surveillance and outbreak data from a national surveillance system in India for epidemic-prone diseases. This report sheds light on the burden and epidemiology of acute viral hepatitis in India, particularly hepatitis A and E, and highlights the important role that routine hepatitis surveillance can play in guiding prevention efforts.
Additional information about World Hepatitis Day is available at http://worldhepatitisday.org. Resources for health professionals are available at http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis.

Reference

1. World Health Organization. Hepatitis. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2015. Available at http://www.who.int/hiv/topics/hepatitis/hepatitisinfo/en.

Rural docs want looser rules for Hepatitis C treatment

INDIANAPOLIS – The only doctor at the center of an HIV outbreak in rural Indiana cannot prescribe the latest treatments for patients also infected with the deadly Hepatitis C virus.

Dr. William Cooke, a family practitioner in Scott County, is treating dozens of people with HIV, the AIDS-causing virus that exploded in numbers among intravenous drug users earlier this year.

But state Medicaid rules forbid him from prescribing new treatments to those same patients with Hepatitis C, the blood-borne disease that causes inflammation in the liver and now claims more lives than HIV in the United States.

Read more...

Genotype 5, by Alan Franciscus, Editor-in-Chief

Originally Published June 15, 2015

Of all the genotypes identified, Genotype 5 is the least studied, and the least prevalent.  However, it is possibly the most interesting in terms of where it is believed to have originated and where there are pockets of it found around the world. 

Epidemiology
In terms of the worldwide prevalence of genotype 5 it is estimated at 1.5 million. The highest incidence of genotype 5 is found in the northern part of the nation of South Africa.  Globally, there are an estimated 436,000 people in Eastern sub-Sahara, 47,000 people in North Africa, the Middle East, 80,000 people in South Asia, 26,000 people in Western Europe, Southern Latin America and 887,000 people Southern sub-Africa.  

The percentage of genotype 5 is found in the following countries:  South Africa-northern (39%); France-central (14%); Syria (10%); Saudi Arabia (1%); Canada-Montreal, Quebec ( 5%); Belgium (4%); Spain-southeast (10%). 

Origins and Spread
The exact origin of genotype 5 is unknown, but there have been studies that have been able to ‘predict’ where it originated and how it spread with a reasonable certainty.  However, like most facts in science, it needs more studies to confirm if it is a fact and until it is confirmed or disproved, it remains a theory.

What is on scientific ground is that the hepatitis C virus originated in Africa and most likely in Western or Central Africa.  Genotype 5 most likely originated in Central Africa possibly what is now the Democratic Republic of Congo more than 120 years ago based on the genetic testing of the viral makeup.  However, why is the highest prevalence of genotype 5 in the northern part of South Africa and only in small pockets in other regions of the world?  That question has been not fully answered, but there are some interesting theories.   There were trade routes from Central Africa to South Africa that could have spread genotype 5 from central Africa to South Africa.  The pockets of genotype 5 in Belgium, France, and the Netherlands can be explained by the European trade and colonization of Africa.    

Genotype 5 only has one subtype – 5a.  This means that the viral diversity remained intact because it was not widely transmitted like the other genotypes.  There have been studies in the other clusters of genotype subtype 5a but most of them have been isolated in ethnic communities in Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and rural France.   Many of those that have been studied have found that the infections had come from a single source of infection. 

Treatment
There have been only a handful of studies about treatment of genotype 5.  Pegylated interferon plus ribavirin for a treatment duration of 24 to 48 weeks achieved cure rates from 64% to 71%. 

In a study recently released at the EASL 2015 conference showed great promise with interferon-free and ribavirin-free therapy.  The study included 41 genotype 5 patients—21 treatment naïve/20 treatment experience patients treated with Harvoni (ledipasvir/sofosbuvir) for 12 weeks.  The cure rates were 95% (20 of 21 pts) of treatment naïve patients and 95% (19 of 20 pts) in the treatment experienced patients.  The treatment was safe and well tolerated.

These are very high cure rates.  Very good news for those with genotype 5.

http://hcvadvocate.org/news/newsLetter/2015/advocate0615_mid.html#5

HCV Drugs —Alan Franciscus, Editor-in-Chief

Originally Published June 15, 2015

This month’s column discusses Merck’s New Drug Application (NDA) application to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), BMS’s Breakthrough Designation, a pharmaceutical collaboration, and good news for patients who need help with co-payments for HCV medications. 

Merck
On May 28, 2015, Merck submitted a NDA to the FDA for their combination of one pill (grazoprevir/elbasvir) taken once-a-day to treat HCV genotypes 1, 4 and 6.  Merck’s combination was granted Breakthrough Therapy designation status for the combination by the FDA for people with genotype 1 with end state kidney disease on hemodialysis (to filter the kidneys) and for patients with genotype 4.  Breakthrough Therapy is given to a drug(s) to treat a serious or life-threatening disease or condition when a drug may demonstrate a substantial improvement over existing therapies.    There were many reports on Merck’s HCV medications from EASL 2015 that resulted in cure rates up to 95-99% in people with genotype 1; 100% in genotype 4 and 80% in genotype 6. 

Merck states that they will be notified within 60 days if the FDA will accept their application for review. Furthermore, Merck is expected to file additional licenses in the European Union and other markets by the end of 2015. This will be good news for paients—we may just have another choice of medications in the near future.

BMS
Bristol-Myers-Squibb announced that they have been granted Breakthrough Therapy Designation by the FDA for the combination of daclatasvir and sofosbuvir.   The cure rates of Daclatasvir, sofosbuvir and ribavirin performed well in liver transplant patients and in those who had advanced cirrhosis.  I reported on a study from EASL 2015 that in this population there was a cure rate of 76% to 100%. 

Achillion and J&J Deal
It was announced in May that Johnson and Johnson would collaborate with Achillion.  The deal would mean that J & J would invest in and help develop Achillion’s HCV 3 drug pipeline.  The three drugs are all in early development and could work on all HCV genotypes, i.e., be pan-genotypic.  J & J hopes to co-develop their drug pipeline with Achillion and achieve an effective 6-week HCV treatment cure. 

 
Co-Pay Assistance
The current medications to treat hepatitis C can have high co-payments.  Presented here is another co-pay assistant program for patients—HealthWell Foundation’s New Fund.  For more information visit their website at http://healthwellfoundation.org/ or contact:  Ginny Dunn 240-632-5309, email Ginny.Dunn@HealthWellFoundation.org

http://hcvadvocate.org/news/newsLetter/2015/advocate0615_mid.html#4

Disability and Benefits:Who Is Disabled? —Jacques Chambers, CLU

Originally Published June 15, 2015

The term “disability” or “disabled” is heard frequently, especially when discussing a medical condition such as Hepatitis B or C, which tend to be progressive in their symptoms and can lead to an inability to work.

The word is used in so many contexts, however, that it has become virtually generic to mean any type of limitation. It really has no special meaning other than describing a condition of some sort that prevents a person from doing something.

• Is lack of height a disability? It is if you stand 5’ 6” and you are trying out for the NBA.
• Does an infected hangnail constitute a disability? Probably not. Then again, if you are a surgeon, it could be “disabling” – preventing him or her from performing surgery.
• Missing an arm or leg certainly seems to be a disability, but many people can perform their jobs perfectly well in that situation.

Clearly, then, when the term “disability” or “disabled” is used for a specific purpose, for example, to pay benefits to someone who is “disabled,” a clear definition of the term must be established. Social Security, disability insurance policies, and other programs for people with “disabilities” must define the term, and each seems to put their own slight twist on how they define it. That is why your doctor’s letter stating that you are disabled will not automatically get you disability benefits. Each party trying to determine your disability status must see that you meet their own definition of disability through the medical record and, occasionally, through physical examination.

Totally Disabled/Total Disability
First, be aware that in this context, “disabled” and “disability” are really shorthand for what Insurance companies and the Social Security Administration actually refer to as “Total Disability” and “Totally Disabled.” All apply specific definitions to the term and it is important to know the specific definition as that is the yardstick with which a claimant’s medical condition is measured to see if they qualify for benefits.

Social Security defines “totally disabled” as:

• “You have a serious, DOCUMENTED, physical or mental health condition;
• Which prevents you from being able to earn Substantial Gainful Activity ($1,090/month in 2015); and,
• That condition is expected to last at least twelve months or result in death.”

This is a very detailed definition, yet it can be one of the most difficult to meet. Notice that Social Security immediately eliminates coverage for brief periods of disability by including the “12 month” limitation. The disability does not have to have lasted 12 months, only that it is expected to last that long. Also an exception is made for those with an illness that is terminal and can lead to death within twelve months.

Under Social Security rules, you are not necessarily disabled just because you can’t perform the occupation you used to have. Instead, if you can’t do your prior job, they will look to see if there is another occupation for which you might qualify either by past experience or training or education. Unfortunately, they will not find you that job; they will just list some occupations they feel you could perform.

For example, they may expect a 35 year old with a college degree, who can no longer perform his prior job, to be able to move to another job that he is able to do, both physically and mentally. In another case, a 55 year old who has only a high school diploma and spent his entire career in one, relatively unskilled job may be eligible for benefits just because he can no longer perform the only job he is qualified through education or experience to perform.

Private Disability Insurance
Benefits paid under either employer provided disability plans or individually purchased disability policies are all paid according to the terms of the disability plan document or the insurance contract.  Each policy will define “totally disabled/totally disability” in the contract so anyone contemplating leaving work due to disability should know how the particular plan defines it.

Although each plan’s definition may vary, there are some basic provisions that are usually included in the definition in one form or another:

• Inability to work – Most definitions include a phrase such as: “due to medical condition, the claimant is unable to perform the material and substantial duties of an “occupation.”  This provision has some variants:
• “His regular occupation” – If this is used in the definition, then a person is disabled only if he is unable to do the job he was doing when he became disabled; or
• “Any occupation for which he is suited based on education, training, or experience.” This is somewhat similar to Social Security in that they are looking for any job the claimant might be able to do based on the claimant’s background.
• Most employer-provided disability plans use both of the above definitions of inability to work.  They look only at the “regular occupation” during the first two or three years of the claim and then shift to “any suitable occupation” for the remainder of the claim.  This is one reason many claimants are dropped from benefits after the first couple of years.

• Loss of income – Some plans define disability as “due to a medical condition, the claimant has lost at least twenty percent of his prior earnings.”  Such plans will only pay full benefits if the claimant has lost 80% or more of his income.  If the income loss is between 20% and 80% of prior earnings, then only a proportionate benefit is paid.  Some plans use this provision without an “inability to work” provision; most, however, will use a combination of the two effectively requiring inability to work AND a loss of income.
• Under medical care – Many definitions also include a requirement that the claimant be under the ongoing care of a physician, although some contracts will waive that requirement if there is nothing medically to be done by further treatment.

The way insurance companies define “Totally Disabled” has a profound effect on who will get benefits, and knowing what definition a claimant has to meet should help him or her and his or her physician clearly document the medical record to reflect the claimant’s condition in the light of the definition used. Some older contracts written by professionals such as doctors and dentists defined disability so narrowly that they were obligated to pay full benefits even though the claimant was able to do other types of full-time employment.  The days when those policies were written are long gone.

Partially Disabled
Sometimes called Residual Disability, is not defined or used by Social Security. Their disability programs, both Social Security Disability (SSD) and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) have programs for persons “working while disabled” that effectively provide coverage for a partial disability.  Note that the rules for working while disabled vary dramatically between SSD and SSI.

Partially Disabled is also used in disability insurance plans, both individual Disability Income and group Long Term Disability.  Usually, they provide a proportionate benefit to the claimant based on the amount of wages they are able to earn compared with what they earned prior to disability, adjusted for inflation.  For example a person who can do some work and earn 40% of their prior earnings would be eligible to get 60% of the total disability benefit.  At least that is a “typical” partial disability provision.  The contract should be checked as the provision can vary.

Permanently disabled
This is really a non-term when referring to disability benefits.  Other than Social Security’s requirement of lasting at least one year, benefit plans are more concerned with how total the disability is not how long it will last. All plans require that the person remain disabled and may terminate benefits if a medical review shows the disability has ended.

However, the term “permanently disabled” is occasionally used in some pension plans as the grounds for a disability retirement designation.  To be honest, to say someone is permanently disabled is simply a prediction that may or may not be true. No disability plan makes you promise never to work again.

You Can Help
Now that you know what yardstick a program uses to measure whether or not you are disabled, you can see why they will not accept your physician’s opinion of your condition. You also can see why it is important that you discuss the disability definition of your plan with your doctor before, well before if possible, filing a disability claim.

While you and your physician usually focus on finding the diagnosis of your condition and methods of treatment, the disability carrier wants to know what symptoms your conditions cause that prevent you from doing whatever occupation the definition calls for. Unfortunately, in today’s healthcare that limits time spent with doctors – instead there are computerized records that just require checking boxes and filling in blanks; there is little opportunity for a detailed description of your symptoms, much less details of their severity and frequency, and how they limit your ability to function.

Therefore, it is extremely important for people who may someday have to file for disability to provide such details to your physician regularly, and insist that they be included in the medical record. Take a written summary with you each time you see the doctor. List what symptoms you experienced and how they affected your ability to perform tasks at home and at work.

Check These Out! HCV Benefits and Disability Issues

• A Guide to Hepatitis and Disability
• American with Disabilities Act: What It Does and Doesn't Do
• Completing Social Security and Insurance Questionnaires
• Getting Disability Benefits under Social Security

http://hcvadvocate.org/news/newsLetter/2015/advocate0615_mid.html#3

Genotype 3: An Unmet Treatment Need for Some, by Alan Franciscus, Editor-in-Chief

 Originally Published June 15, 2015

 

While conducting a workshop in New England, I was asked a question about genotype 3 treatment for people who are treatment experienced and had cirrhosis—a question I am frequently asked.  At this time, we do not have an interferon-free treatment with high cure rates for this particular group of people with hepatitis C.  This is an unmet medical need for a large group of people in the United States and Worldwide.  I am asked this question at almost every workshop, which surprises me. 

There are many drugs in development that hold the promise to solve this problem.  In the meantime, there is a solution—the combination of Sovaldi, pegylated interferon and ribavirin.   When I bring up interferon, I get the cringe reaction.  It is a very understandable reaction. However, there are a couple of serious points to consider:

• Cirrhosis can be a life-threatening event.  You do not want to wait—If you have genotype 3 and cirrhosis you should consider taking action now
• Genotype 3 leads to the formation of steatosis (fatty liver)—successful treatment reduces or eliminates steatosis
• Steatosis can accelerate HCV disease progression—by itself steatosis can lead to cirrhosis
• People with genotype 3 are at increased the risk for liver disease progression and liver cancer
• Pegylated interferon and ribavirin can be difficult to tolerate, but the majority of side effects occur after 12 weeks
• The side effects of pegylated interferon and ribavirin can be managed successfully especially if the medical provider and patient are proactive

Interferon-Free Therapy
The current standard of care for genotype 3 is the combination of Sovaldi (sofosbuvir) plus ribavirin for 24 weeks.  The cure rates for treatment experienced patients without cirrhosis are 85%, but for treatment experienced patients with cirrhosis the cure rates are 60%.  Clearly, genotype 3 patients who are treatment experienced with cirrhosis are in need of better treatment options.  I have listed below two studies that include treatment of Sovaldi, pegylated interferon plus ribavirin.  Note:  I only included the information about the cure rates of the genotype 3 treatment experience patients with cirrhosis treated for 12 weeks.

Sovaldi/Peg/RBV
A recently published study in Hepatology “Sofosbuvir with Peginterferon-Ribavirin for 12 Weeks in Previously Treated Patients with Hepatitis C Genotype 2 or 3 and Cirrhosis,” –E Lawitz et al. showed very high cure rates. 

Note:  There were 47 genotype 2 and 3 patients included in the study.  Only genotype 3 results are listed below. 

There were a total of 24 genotype 3 patients with and without cirrhosis.  All were treated for 12 weeks with Sovaldi (sofosbuvir), pegylated interferon plus ribavirin. 

The cure rates were the same for those with cirrhosis 83% (10 of 12 pts) and without 83% (10 of 12 pts) in the genotype 3 patients. 

The second study was presented at EASL 2015 “Sofosbuvir Plus Peg-IFN/RBV for 12 Weeks vs Sofosbuvir/RBV for 16 or 24 Week in Genotype 3 HCV Infected Patients and Treatment-Experienced Cirrhotic Patients with Genotype 2 HCV:  The BOSON Study,” –R Graham et al. 

Note:  This study was a large study of 592 genotype 3 treatment naïve/experienced patients without and without cirrhosis.  I will only list the treatment experienced patients with cirrhosis who were treated for 12 weeks with Sovaldi (sofosbuvir), pegylated interferon plus ribavirin and the comparator arm of the treatment experienced patients with cirrhosis who received Sovaldi plus ribavirin without pegylated interferon. 

After 12 weeks of treatment the group of patients who were treated with Sovaldi, pegylated interferon plus ribavirin achieved a cure rate of 86% (30 of 35 pts) compared to a cure rate of 47% (17 of 36 pts) for those who received Sovaldi plus ribavirin but without pegylated interferon. 

The most common side effects were flu-like symptoms, fatigue, and anemia. 

 
Comments: The addition of pegylated interferon to Sovaldi and ribavirin almost doubled the cure rates for people with genotype 3 in both studies who had cirrhosis and who were treatment experience.  The best strategy is to talk with your medical provider and come up with a plan to get treated as soon as possible, seek a possible cure and stop hepatitis C in its tracks.

http://hcvadvocate.org/news/newsLetter/2015/advocate0615_mid.html#2

The Five: HCV Genotypes —Alan Franciscus, Editor-in-Chief

Originally Published June 15, 2015

This month’s column is about hepatitis C (HCV) genotypes.  I will discuss genotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6.  You will notice that I am not discussing genotype 5 since it is discussed elsewhere in this issue. Genotype 7 is also not being discussed because only three people with genotype 7 have been identified—all found to be from the Democratic Republic of Congo.

According to the World Health Organization 130 – 150 million people worldwide have chronic hepatitis C and 350,000 – 500,000 die every year from complications of hepatitis C. 

As mentioned above there have been seven genotypes identified but there are likely more that have not yet been found or classified.  There is a 30 to 35% viral diversity or difference in the genetic make-up of the nucleotide sites of the virus that are used to classify them as different genotypes.  This viral diversity is what makes it so difficult to develop one drug to treat all of the genotypes.  There are new drugs called pan-genotypic that work on all of the genotypes that are being developed that might just produce high cure rates across all of the genotypes.  The viral diversity i.e. genotype is another reason why it is going to be difficult to develop a therapeutic or a protective vaccine.  There has been some early research that is encouraging.

All evidence points to that the hepatitis C virus originated in Africa and spread throughout Africa by various routes including the European colonization of Africa, unsafe medical practices to treat tropical diseases and various cultural practices.  HCV spread out of Africa occurred by way of the slave trade throughout the World, needle reuse, organ transplantation, unsafe medical practices, unscreened blood, and injection drug use, etc. 

Genotype 1
Genotype 1 is the most common genotype worldwide and accounts for approximately 46% of the total number of people with hepatitis C worldwide —83 million people.  The prevalence of genotype 1 expanded greatly during the 20th century due to unsafe blood product/organ transplantation, unsafe medical practices and injection drug use.

Countries with the highest prevalence include East Asia (32,082,000), South Asia (12,889,000), Southeast Asia (4,910,000), Western sub-Sahara Africa (4,427,000), Eastern Europe (4,023,000), Central Latin America (2,796,000), Central Asia (2,100,000)
 

Genotype 1 has two main subtypes 1a and 1b. Genotype 1a accounts for about 55% of those with genotype 1 in the U.S. and 45% of those with genotype 1b. HCV 1a is more difficult to treat than HCV genotype 1b.  The current standard of care for treating HCV genotype 1 can cure up to 90% to 100% of people who take the medications.  The current standard of care treatment is HARVONI and VIEKIRA PAK. 

Genotype 1 subtypes c through l have been identified but are uncommon

Genotype 2 
Genotype 2 is the 3rd most common genotype worldwide and is also the 3rd most common one in the United States.  The areas of highest prevalence of genotype 2 worldwide include central Latin America (754,000), high-income Asia Pacific (629,000), Southeast Asia (1,572,000), East Asia (8,444,000), Western sub-Saharan African (1,550,000) and western Europe (583,000). Genotype 2 accounts for more than 16.5 million people worldwide with hepatitis C. 

Genotype 2 spread through the slave trade from Africa to the Americas and through trade routes from the Africa, the America and Asia. 

The most common subtypes of genotype 2 are 2a, 2b, and 2c, so far there have been another 15 subtypes identified.

The standard of care for treating HCV genotype 2 is the combination of Sovaldi (sofosbuvir) plus ribavirin for a treatment duration of 12 weeks.  The cure rates are 88% to 97%. 

Genotype 3
Genotype 3 is the 2nd most common genotype in the United States and worldwide.  The areas with the highest prevalence of genotype 3 include Australasia (280,000), Central Asia (906,000), East Asia (5,762,000), Eastern Europe (1,881,000), High Income North America (492,000), and South Asia (39,706,000). The total number of people worldwide with genotype 3 is 54 million.

Genotype 3 has been found to exist for 200 years. Genotype 3 causes steatosis (fatty liver), insulin resistance (precursor of type 2 diabetes), and increases the risk of HCV disease progression and liver cancer.

So far there have been 10 genotype 3 subtypes identified—subtype 3a is the most common.

The current standard of care to treat genotype 3 is the combination of Sovaldi and ribavirin for a treatment period of 24 weeks.  The cure rates are up to 83%.   However, Sovaldi plus ribavirin doesn’t work as well in genotype 3 people with cirrhosis who are treatment experienced.  There are, however, very good treatment options (see article in this issue on Sovaldi, pegylated interferon and ribavirin) and many new drugs are being developed to treat genotype 3. 

Genotype 4
Genotype 4 is the 4th most common genotype worldwide and accounts for 90% (6,030,000) of the hepatitis C population in Egypt—The HCV population of Egypt is estimated at 6.7 million.  Africa and the Middle East account for the majority of genotype 4 infections.  Approximately 1% of the U.S. population has genotype 4.  Genotype 4 has many subtypes – a through o.

In Egypt the spread of hepatitis C genotype 4 was the result of a mass campaign in the 1960’s through the 1980’s to control schistosomiasis infection—a parasitic disease transferred by snails to humans wading in water while working in rice fields.  During the 1960’s through the 1980’s people infected with schistosomiasis were treated with drugs using unsterilized and re-used syringes.

The current standard of care for treating HCV genotype 4 is the combination of Sovaldi (sofosbuvir), pegylated interferon and ribavirin.  The treatment duration is 12 weeks and cure rates are up to 96%.  There are many drugs that have been developed to treat genotype 4—by AbbVie and Merck—that are likely to be approved in the near future.

Genotype 6
Genotype 6 is mostly seen in Southeast Asia.  The estimated number of people who are infected with genotype 6 is about 10,000,000—mostly in Asia. It is the most prevalent genotype in Laos and one of the most common genotypes in Vietnam.  Genotype 6 is seen in countries outside of Asia, but mainly in populations that have emigrated from Asian countries.

Genotype 6a is the most common, but there been 26 subtypes identified so far.

There is no standard of care to treat genotype 6.  In a study of 25 people who took Harvoni (sofosbuvir plus ledipasvir) for a treatment period of 12 weeks to treat genotype 6 resulted in a cure rate of 82%.   The study included people who had never been treated and people who had been treated but had not been cured.  There are many other drugs in development to treat genotype 6 including Merck’s combination of grazoprevir/elbasvir.

The future is bright for the treatment of hepatitis C with more awareness of all of the HCV genotypes worldwide.  There are many drugs under development to treat hepatitis C that are even more effective.  Many of the newer drugs in development are pan-genotypic—that is they work against all genotypes and have the potential to cure all genotypes—these drugs could provide cures worldwide if we could only identify and treat everyone.

http://hcvadvocate.org/news/newsLetter/2015/advocate0615_mid.html#1