In this month’s column, there is more good news about drugs in development. Achillion is developing a potential treatment for genotype 1 that could shorten treatment time to 6 weeks. However, there is also some disappointing news from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)—they are rescinding the “breakthrough therapy designation” for hepatitis C drugs. Other news which is also disappointing is that the ‘one-shot’ cure for hepatitis C does not look as if it is going to pan out. Finally, data released from a small trial with sofosbuvir, pegylated interferon and ribavirin to treat genotype 2 and 3 shows that it may help cure some people with genotype 3 and advanced liver disease.
Achillion
Achillion has had HCV drugs in development for almost as long as the HCV Advocate has been reporting on HCV inhibitors. Their latest drug and clinical trial—ACH-3102—combined with sofosbuvir (brand name Sovaldi)—was given to 12 HCV genotype 1 treatment-naïve patients for 6 weeks. One hundred percent (12 of 12 patients) achieved SVR 12 (virologic cure). Achillion is exploring additional trials with their other HCV inhibitors and perhaps shorter treatment durations (4 and 6 weeks). Don’t pin all your hopes on this though—there were only 12 patients in the trial. The combination should be studied in more people and the theory of treating for 4 or 6 weeks needs to be tested. However, it is worth keeping an eye on.
Achillion has had HCV drugs in development for almost as long as the HCV Advocate has been reporting on HCV inhibitors. Their latest drug and clinical trial—ACH-3102—combined with sofosbuvir (brand name Sovaldi)—was given to 12 HCV genotype 1 treatment-naïve patients for 6 weeks. One hundred percent (12 of 12 patients) achieved SVR 12 (virologic cure). Achillion is exploring additional trials with their other HCV inhibitors and perhaps shorter treatment durations (4 and 6 weeks). Don’t pin all your hopes on this though—there were only 12 patients in the trial. The combination should be studied in more people and the theory of treating for 4 or 6 weeks needs to be tested. However, it is worth keeping an eye on.
FDA
The FDA is rescinding its “breakthrough therapy designation status” from Bristol-Myers Squibb for Daclatasvir and Merck for its combination of elbasvir (MK-8742) and grazoprevir (MK-5712). “Breakthrough therapy designation status” is given to drug(s) that demonstrate a substantial improvement over existing therapies. Now that we have drugs that can cure over 90% of people with genotype 1 the newer drugs are unlikely to improve the cure rates. The standard time it takes the FDA to review an application for approval is about 10 months. Based on this it is unlikely that any new HCV drugs will be approved until 2016—at least for genotypes 1, 2 and 4. This is unfortunate because it limits treatment choices for patients, and it affects the price of drugs already on the market. What about genotype 3? There is clearly a need for better therapies with shorter treatment durations.
The FDA is rescinding its “breakthrough therapy designation status” from Bristol-Myers Squibb for Daclatasvir and Merck for its combination of elbasvir (MK-8742) and grazoprevir (MK-5712). “Breakthrough therapy designation status” is given to drug(s) that demonstrate a substantial improvement over existing therapies. Now that we have drugs that can cure over 90% of people with genotype 1 the newer drugs are unlikely to improve the cure rates. The standard time it takes the FDA to review an application for approval is about 10 months. Based on this it is unlikely that any new HCV drugs will be approved until 2016—at least for genotypes 1, 2 and 4. This is unfortunate because it limits treatment choices for patients, and it affects the price of drugs already on the market. What about genotype 3? There is clearly a need for better therapies with shorter treatment durations.
Regulus
We have been following an on-going study of RG-101 as a possible treatment for genotype 1 that would require only one shot—yes you read that right – a possible one-shot treatment. In a small study (2 mg/kg) dose, it was reported that 6 of 14 patients were undetectable 57 days after receiving the shot. However, unfortunately, after 12 weeks that number dropped to only 4 patients. Regulus started another study at a higher dose of RG-101 (4 mg/kg), but even at the higher dose the interim results (9 of 14 patients undetectable 57 days post-shot) cure rates were not as high as the current standard of care.
We have been following an on-going study of RG-101 as a possible treatment for genotype 1 that would require only one shot—yes you read that right – a possible one-shot treatment. In a small study (2 mg/kg) dose, it was reported that 6 of 14 patients were undetectable 57 days after receiving the shot. However, unfortunately, after 12 weeks that number dropped to only 4 patients. Regulus started another study at a higher dose of RG-101 (4 mg/kg), but even at the higher dose the interim results (9 of 14 patients undetectable 57 days post-shot) cure rates were not as high as the current standard of care.
There is also the possibility that the single shot can be given in combination with 4 weeks of antiviral pills. No side effect profile was given—an important issue since the current therapy has a low side effect profile.
Sofosbuvir/PEG/RBV
Current standard of care (SOC) treatment for genotypes 2 and 3 is the combination of sofosbuvir plus ribavirin. The cure rates in the Phase 3 clinical trials of treatment-experienced patients with cirrhosis included:
Current standard of care (SOC) treatment for genotypes 2 and 3 is the combination of sofosbuvir plus ribavirin. The cure rates in the Phase 3 clinical trials of treatment-experienced patients with cirrhosis included:
- Genotype 2 = 88% (12 weeks)
- Genotype 3 = 60% (24 weeks)
While the genotype 2 cure rates are impressive the genotype 3 rates were less than optimal and a 24-week course of treatment is a considerable period of time and expense. Additional therapies are needed, but in this case perhaps interferon may be an option.
The current phase 2 study included 47 treatment-experienced patients—23 genotype 2 patients (14 with cirrhosis); 24 genotype 3 patients (12 with cirrhosis). Treatment duration was 12 weeks. The treatment was sofosbuvir, pegylated interferon (PEG) and ribavirin.
Genotype 2: Cure rates = 93% (without cirrhosis); 96% (with cirrhosis).
The cure rates for genotype 2 were similar to the cure rates seen with sofosbuvir plus ribavirin—needless to say there is no need (or desire) to include PEG.
Genotype 3: Cure rates = 83% with and without cirrhosis.
Clearly, much higher cure rates than 24 weeks of sofosbuvir plus ribavirin (without PEG).There were 4 patients who had 5 serious side effects mostly related to interferon and ribavirin.
Adding pegylated interferon, however, may be an alternate therapy for genotype 3. This regime is listed in the Guidance documents of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) and the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) for those who can tolerate 12 weeks of PEG therapy.
There are many therapies in development to treat genotype 3 (BMS, Gilead, Merck). I hope that the FDA will recognize the need for newer therapies for genotype 3 that produce higher cure rates—especially for treatment-experienced patients with cirrhosis—that have fewer side effects and grant them “breakthrough therapy” designation. That part of the articles about Merck and BMS losing their “breakthrough designation” status was not that clear.
http://hcvadvocate.org/news/newsLetter/2015/advocate0315.html#1
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